We have lost so many freedoms in recent years. We have been bamboozled, regulated, spied on, and made more and more dependent on the state. Central government has nationalised the local authority education service, introduced tax credits which extend high up the income scale, and micro managed so much of our lives.
It has also attacked independence where it found it. Savings for retirement have been taxed to the point where many final salary pension schemes have been closed. Car drivers have been pilloried and taxed for daring to use the freedom of the roads. More and more jobs have been provided in the state sector, as public spending has taken a rising proportion of our national income.
Far from tackling inequality, we have seen it rise further. Far from getting people into jobs so they can look after themselves and their families, we have seen a rise in unemployment and benefit dependency in recent years. Far from healing divisions in society, government seems to have gone out of its way to declare war on savers, entrepreneurs, independent schools, “elite” universities, motorists, bankers, small businesses and all those who value their freedom.
The economic failure has been the most breathtaking and the most damaging. We have lurched from an economy built on too much credit and borrowing in the private sector, through a deliberate credit crunch which undermined that model of economic development, to a model based on massive public sector borrowing on a scale never before attempted. People’s economic freedom has been undermined by higher taxes, more regulation, and the damage done to the economy by the boom/bust economic management.
In the period 2003-7 the authorities kept interest rates low to encourage a credit binge, and the regulators turned a blind eye to the ballooning of bank balance sheets and the build up of risk. In 2007-8 they lurched to a tight policy of higher rates, suddenly demanded more capital and less lending from the banks, starved the money markets of funds and brought parts of the system down. At the end of 2008 and in 2009 they panicked, slashed interest rates, printed money and tried to make the markets liquid again to rectify the wanton damage of their previous policies. The predictable result has been to drive many more people into unemployment and dependency on the state.
The current problem
Today we face three inter related crises. There is a public spending crisis, brought on by the overexpansion of the state, and by the colossal waste and inefficiency of so much of what it does. There is the broken society, where all too many people are without jobs, living in broken homes, with some prey to the evils of drug taking, enforced idleness, heavy drinking, random violence and lack of purpose. There is the damage being done to the world of enterprise, by the high taxes, needless regulations and a mean spirit which is ever ready to condemn those who venture and strive. If we are not careful the government will trigger a cycle of decline. Without good growth the public sector is unaffordable. If the answer to every problem is thought to be more public spending and further state intervention the bills will mount unacceptably. If we carry on with existing policies we will drive talent away from our shores, and snuff out more of the spirit of enterprise which is needed to get us growing again.
Getting people back to work
People need a hand up, not a hand out. The best welfare policy is a job. Government needs to be free to concentrate more on national security than on social security. One of the tragedies of the last twelve years was the missed opportunity to reform welfare. When Frank Field was told to think the unthinkable and Harriet Harman was in charge of the welfare department it looked as if they might at last adopt something like the Clinton reforms of welfare which had helped bring unemployment tumbling down in the USA. Instead they fell out with each other, achieved nothing and both lost their jobs. Tony Blair gave up the task before it was begun, and threw away the political credit he had in the bank to do just such a reform.
Labour used to say rightly in the 1990s that we spent too much on the costs of economic failure. They meant the welfare bills were too high. It is an enormous waste of potential talent and energy to keep more than 5 million people of working age on benefit without work. That is what Labour have done. To fill all the jobs that were created in the borrowing fuelled growth years of 2002-7 they opened our borders, inviting in large numbers of migrants to take the jobs available. Welfare reform has to centre around ensuring most people out of work are available for work and are looking for work, and on ensuring incentives to get a job and stay in a job. It also needs to be allied to controlled immigration, so more of the jobs that are available can go to people already settled here and otherwise on benefit.
It is a paradox that demanding more of people to get them off benefit is a way of freeing people. It is however true. They should be better off financially and in other ways if like the rest of us they gain a job and have to get up in the morning to earn their living.
Freeing people to look after their own families
As welfare reform starts to work, so public spending on the costs of unemployment and the interest costs on the borrowings to pay for the benefits will start to come down. At the same time we need to leave people free to save or spend more of their own incomes, and need to allow businesses the freedom to spend or invest more of the money they generate through their sales.
For most of the Labour years they lived with the 40% top rate of income tax that they inherited from the Conservative reforms. They even managed to get the standard rate of income tax down to 20%, which is a fair and competitive rate by world standards. It is a pity they did this by hiking other stealth taxes, but it has produced a rate which an incoming government can live with.
Unfortunately they decided to hike the 40% rate to 50% at the end of the current Parliament. 40% was already becoming a less competitive rate, as other countries around the world came to realise the need to attract talent and allow people to keep more of their earnings. 50% is an uncompetitive rate which will act as deterrent to new business starting up, to businesses coming to the UK and to some high earners staying. If we wish to free people to look after themselves, their families and their employees, we need set competitive income tax rates.
Company taxes too need to be competitive. Businesses do not have to locate in the UK. Most of our large businesses are owned by overseas shareholders in whole or part. Few have any strong attachment or loyalty to a UK base. If you wish to create and retain jobs in this footloose modern world you need to set tax rates which are attractive to the major world corporations when planning their investments, and attractive to the world’s entrepreneurs when placing their funds.
Our current corporation tax rate of 28% is no longer competitive and needs to be lowered. Countries which have set lower corporation tax rates, like Ireland and now the Netherlands, have been more successful in attracting new business and headquarters organisations of major companies to their shores. The Conservative Opposition has announced it wishes to get to 25% as quickly as possible, and thereafter would consider taking it lower. With a standard rate of income tax at 20% and a capital gains tax rate of 18% there would be some symmetry and poetry in getting it down to say 20% in due course.
The main argument against lowering either the top rate of income tax or the rate of corporation tax is loss of revenue. There is little evidence that over anything other than the very short term there is a loss of revenue from such moves in the ranges we are talking about. On the contrary, both the UK and the overseas experience demonstrates that lowering tax rates increases the tax take from the rich and from companies. The best way of taxing the rich more is to lower the rates.
With a lower top rate five things happen. Firstly, more rich people come to live, and spend money in the UK. Secondly, it is less worthwhile people already settled here spending money on good tax and legal advice to get round penal taxes. Thirdly, the rich will venture more, if they can keep more of their income and gains. Fourth, fewer people leave the country in search of a lower tax jurisdiction. Fifthly, more companies come to establish their headquarters or their base for expensive staff ion the UK, as they can reward them better for less cost if the tax rates are lower.
When the Thatcher government lowered the top rate of tax on earned income from 83% to 40% in two moves, the amount of tax the rich paid went up, and the proportion of total income tax paid by the rich went up. All five effects came together to increase the tax base and taxable income by more than the drop in the rate.
The same is true of corporation tax. When Ireland cut the corporation tax rate to 10% it was inundated with businesses coming to the country. The total tax take went up massively, by much more than the UK, through the impact it had on growth rates and general incomes.
Some people argue that high tax rates are necessary on higher incomes, in the interests of equality. They enjoy imposing high marginal rates to level people down. The problem with this policy is it may just drive people abroad, lowering incomes and job opportunities in the country and thereby making everyone a bit poorer. It is also based on the proposition that income belongs to the state, who kindly allow you to keep some of it, rather than on the belief that people need incentives to work and that income they earn is theirs to spend as they see fit. Taxation should take what is needed for important public services but should not take so much as to stifle initiative and snuff out self reliance.
Freeing people to choose their public services
Leaving people with more of their own money to spend is one of the most empowering policies any government can follow. Armed with more of their own money, people will be more self reliant, needing less from the state. To give people the opportunity to obtain good jobs and earn good money it is important that all have access to high quality education.
One of the many disappointments of the last 12 years has been the failure to translate extra cash for schools into better results from schools that serve the interests of the poorer parts of our country. Although comprehensives in inner cities, for example, have attracted the lion’s share of much increased funding all round, there has been no breakthrough in results and achievements at many such schools.
Indeed, in some ways the great divide in British society between those with rich parents who can afford to go to an independent school, and the rest, has grown bigger under Labour. The government is worried sick about the inability of enough young people from comprehensives to get into “elite” universities. It seems to think the answer is to lecture the universities about their admission procedures instead of tackling the underlying problem, which is the standards achieved by those leaving the state schools.
True freedom would come from allowing people more choice, and allowing a much wider range of schools to spring up. If parents and students had more choice, bad schools would shape up or drop out more quickly, and good schools would expand faster.
I would like to see everyone go to an independent school. We could invite the state schools to become not for profit trusts, educational charities, companies, teacher co-operatives or whatever structure they liked to speed independence and change. Parents would be able to choose a school from the whole gamut of independent schools then on offer, with the state paying the fees up to a prescribed limit, which ensured that everyone who wanted one had a free place. I would allow top ups, so some parents would buy a dearer school place partly with their state money and partly with their own money. The stark division between those with free places at state schools, and those with very expensive places at a limited number of private schools would be abolished. Pupils would be paid for by a variety of means including the state payment, scholarships and parental top up at the dearer schools. Everyone turning up to university interview would come from an independent school. Parent power would be far more effective at raising standards than armies of bureaucrats, reams of advice and guidance, and the top down test and target culture.
Freeing the traveller
Nowhere has the snooper and tax inspector society been so pervading as in the field of transport. Motorists have been treated as one remove from criminals. In the name of the good aim of raising safety standards on our roads a whole range of measures have been brought in which have failed to improve safety but have limited freedoms and created a nightmare world of rules, taxes and surveillance.
The evidence is strong that excess speed is the cause of a small minority of accidents. Yet in the name of safety the concentration has been on placing ever more varying speed limits on roads, and spending on technology to enforce them. The evidence also abounds that segregating traffic travelling in different directions, creating more space at junctions and providing safe separate facilities for pedestrians and cyclists is the way to improve safety. Instead we see more and more examples of road narrowing, junction narrowing, mixing vulnerable road users more with cars and lorries and ever more signs and instructions to drivers. For ten years there has been no attempt to ease congestion and therefore reduce pollution by improving our roads in a sensible way.
For most young people freedom is based on access to personal transport. We need to accept this, and try to find ways of accommodating that wish that is safer and less polluting. Technology and commonsense are both allies in this. The policies of the last decade have failed, and have left many people frustrated, unable to get to work, the shops or to an evening out in a friendly and easy way.
Conclusions
People yearn to be free. They have had enough of the snooper society, the bossy government society, the dependency culture and the political correctness which have characterised recent years.
Not only is government and society fractured, but it is now unaffordable. The government is borrowing ludicrous sums of money to try to keep its unpopular show on the road. The suggestions I have made would both free more people to look after themselves and their families, and reduce public spending at the same time. We have too much bad government, too much needless government , and too much wasteful government. It stops us doing what we need to do to look after ourselves and our families. It is designed to create a dependence on the state which we cannot afford. It reduces human dignity, removes much self responsibility, and undermines freedom Instead of a can do culture we have a I want culture. It is time for change.